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Archive for July, 2012


Modern-Day Noah Opens Doors Of Ark Creation

 

 

Sky NewsBy Robert Nisbet, Europe Correspondent | Sky News – Sun, Jul 29, 2012

A faithful reproduction of Noah’s ark, using the dimensions in The Bible, has just opened to the public in The Netherlands.
Deborah Venema-Huibers shows off her father’s recreation of Noah’s Ark.

It was constructed by the Dutch creationist and millionaire building contractor Johan Huibers, after he dreamt that Holland would be flooded once again.

He used the ancient measurement of the cubit – the length of a man’s arm from the elbow to the fingertips – to build the craft according to Biblical proportions.

In Genesis the ark is described as being 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide, and 30 cubits high so the mammoth effort took him and his team of five just over four years to finish.

Using Mr Huiber’s arm, the craft, which is moored in the southern Netherlands town of Dordrecht, is just over 450 feet in length, dwarfing buildings along the waterfront.

He has filled it with a plastic menagerie of animals – as well as a few species of live birds – to recreate the story of Noah for paying visitors and to make The Bible more ‘touchable’.

Deborah Venema-Huibers, manager of the Ark, told Sky News that they had to abandon plans to sail the ark to the London Olympics after they were asked to make the wooden boat safer for visitors.

She said: “We would like to carry three thousand people on the boat (so) you can’t say: ‘We’ll leave it like that’. You have (to clear) everything with the fire department, as it is all wood. It took such a long time that we had to skip the Olympics.”

The boat was constructed by welding the metal hulls of several old barges together and then using Scandinavian pine for the skin.

The Bible says Noah used ‘gopher wood’ when he built the original, but scholars disagree on what that is, so Mr Huibers used ‘creative licence’, both with the material and the design.

Mrs Huibers says they are being contacted by dozens of people worried about the Mayan prophecy of the end of the world in December this year.

“They are concerned, and they ask: ‘Is there a flood coming again? Is the world going to be destroyed again? Can we stay here and board, and can we book a room?’

“But of course we tell them, the real safety is not here. This is not a rescue boat. It’s a museum.”

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New Atheists


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This says it all!


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Church Official in Philadelphia Gets Prison in Abuse Case

 

By JON HURDLE and 
Published: July 24, 2012 417 Comments

PHILADELPHIA — Msgr. William J. Lynn, the first Roman Catholic Church official in the United States to be convicted of covering up sexual abuses by priests under his supervision, was sentenced Tuesday to three to six years in prison.

Matt Rourke/Associated Press

Monsignor William J. Lynn

Readers’ Comments

“Cover-ups of serious crimes by church officials, universities and corporations will never stop until the consequences outweigh the benefits.”

alansky, Marin County, CA

“You knew full well what was right, Monsignor Lynn, but you chose wrong,” Judge M. Teresa Sarmina of Common Pleas Court said as she imposed the sentence, which was just short of the maximum of three and a half to seven years. Monsignor Lynn must serve at least three years before he is eligible for parole.

Monsignor Lynn, 61, was found guilty on June 22 of child endangerment after a three-month trial that revealed efforts over decades by the Philadelphia archdiocese to play down accusations of child sexual abuse and avoid scandal. He was acquitted of conspiracy and a second child endangerment charge.

Monsignor Lynn served as secretary for clergy for the 1.5 million-member archdiocese from 1992 to 2004, recommending priest assignments and investigating abuse complaints. During the trial, prosecutors presented evidence that he had shielded predatory priests, sometimes transferring them to unwary parishes, and lied to the public to avoid bad publicity and lawsuits.

The conviction of a senior official, followed by a prison sentence, has reverberated among Catholic officials around the country, church experts said.

“I think this is going to send a very strong signal to every bishop and everybody who worked for a bishop that if they don’t do the right thing, they may go to jail,” said the Rev. Thomas J. Reese, a senior fellow at the Woodstock Theological Center at Georgetown University. “They can’t just say ‘the bishop made me do it.’ That’s not going to be an excuse that holds up in court.”

In a three-minute statement before sentencing, Monsignor Lynn, dressed in a black clerical shirt and white collar, said: “I have been a priest for 36 years, and I have done the best I can. I have always tried to help people.”

Turning toward relatives of an abuse victim in the courtroom, he said, “I hope someday that you will accept my apology.”

But he did not comment on the broader accusations that he put children at risk by repeatedly protecting “monsters in clerical garb,” as Judge Sarmina described it at the hearing.

The sentence was a victory for the Philadelphia district attorney, R. Seth Williams, who said outside the courtroom, “Many people say that the maximum still would not have been enough.”

Monsignor Lynn’s lawyer, Thomas Bergstrom, called the sentence “unbalanced.” Last week, the defense argued that a long prison sentence would be “merely cruel and unusual.”

Prosecutors argued that the gravity of Monsignor Lynn’s crime — giving known sexual predators continued access to children, causing lifelong anguish and damage to some — was “off the charts.”

Monsignor Lynn’s lawyers said they would appeal the conviction, saying that the child endangerment law at the time did not apply to supervisors and that the judge erred in allowing testimony about accusations that were beyond the statute of limitations.

In a statement Tuesday, the Archdiocese of Philadelphia said that its procedures for protecting children had improved significantly since “the events some 10 years ago that were at the center of this trial.”

It acknowledged “legitimate anger in the broad community toward any incident or enabling of sexual abuse.” But it also described the sentence as overly harsh, saying “fair-minded people will question the severity.”

“We hope that when this punishment is objectively reviewed, it will be adjusted,” it said.

After the sentencing, Ann Casey, a friend of Monsignor Lynn for 36 years, said she believed he was a scapegoat and a victim of his intense faith in the archdiocese’s leaders. “It was his vow of obedience to the church that landed him this morning in jail,” she said.

During the trial, Monsignor Lynn’s lawyers argued that he had followed the instructions of Cardinal Anthony J. Bevilacqua, who was the archbishop of Philadelphia from 1988 to 2003 and who died in January.

Monsignor Lynn’s conviction was for lax oversight of one former priest, Edward V. Avery, who spent six months in a church psychiatric center in 1993 after an abuse episode. Doctors said he should be kept away from children. But Monsignor Lynn sent him to live in a rectory and did not warn parish officials.

In 1999, Mr. Avery engaged in oral sex with a 10-year-old altar boy. He pleaded guilty to the assault just before Monsignor Lynn’s trial and was sentenced to two and a half to five years in prison.

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Jon Hurdle reported from Philadelphia, and Erik Eckholm from New York.

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The Irish Times - Saturday, July 21, 2012

Circumcision ruling divides German public

DEREK SCALLY

WORLD VIEW: The death of a child after a circumcision has sparked a controversy about religious freedom

IT IS NOT often you see a rabbi in the Bundestag or the chancellor Angela Merkel warning her backbenchers not to make Germany a “laughing stock” of itself.

But that was the scene in the German parliament on Thursday.

Members of parliament had been recalled from their holidays to debate and vote on emergency assistance for Spanish banks. At the last minute, though, another pressing matter found its way on to the agenda.

A majority of MPs backed a resolution that “the Bundestag views the circumcision of male children, socially accepted worldwide, as not comparable to damaging and unconscionable infringement of a child’s right to physical integrity such as female genital mutilation, which the Bundestag condemns”.

For the rabbi and others watching from the public gallery, the resolution threw up dozens of questions, chief among which was: how did we get here – and in Germany of all places?

Germany is home to about four million Muslims and 120,000 Jews. Official figures show 3,000 circumcisions are performed annually among registered doctors, although the real figure is believed to be almost twice that.

Since May 7th, however, religious circumcisions in the Cologne municipal area have been in legal limbo following a ruling by a regional court in the case of a four-year-old Muslim boy who died from complications following a circumcision.

That circumcision took place on November 4th last in the practice of a 62-year-old Cologne doctor who specialises in the procedure. As in thousands of previous cases, this one went off without any complications, he said later.

Two days later, the boy’s mother was asked to bring him back to the practice for a check- up. Two hours before the appointment, however, neighbours heard the woman screaming in Arabic: “My son is bleeding.” The boy was rushed to hospital where the mother, reportedly from Iraq and with little German, was unable to explain the details of the circumcision two days previously.

Medical records show the doctors assumed the boy had undergone a botched home circumcision “with a scissors, without anaesthetic”, at which point the wheels of Germany’s legal system began to turn.

Police investigated and a state prosecutor eventually charged the responsible doctor with “injuring another person with a dangerous instrument” – a scalpel.

The prosecutor lost the case and the doctor was acquitted in the first two instances – a later external appraisal found the circumcision “faultless” and the level of after-bleeding normal.

In the third instance, though, Cologne regional court ruled that a child’s constitutional right to physical integrity had precedence over the right to freedom of religious expression. Even when parents consented, a circumcision could, the court ruled, be considered a criminal act of bodily injury.

Although the ruling is applicable to greater Cologne only, the shock waves spread across the country and around the world, while doctors specialising in circumcisions, including at Berlin’s 250-year-old Jewish hospital, have suspended the practice until the legal situation is clarified.

The ruling has become a matter of urgency for Germany’s Jewish community, given their practice of circumcising boys eight days after birth.

That was reflected in a statement by European rabbis meeting in Berlin last week that the ruling was an attack on their religious identity that “calls into question the future existence of Jewish life in Germany”. Hours later, the federal government promised legislation by the autumn to allow circumcisions to be performed under correct medical procedures.

Thursday’s Bundestag vote was a symbolic stop-gap measure until a permanent resolution is reached; but rather than calm things down it provoked a divisive reaction that indicates a legal and moral minefield ahead.

Jewish and Muslim groups welcomed the gesture. The German Judges Association backed the Bundestag vote and urged a swift action to permit circumcision. The Green parliamentary party declined to support the resolution en bloc.

The Cologne ruling has been widely criticised in the German media and hotly debated in legal circles. In Berlin’s political scene, the widespread view is that German history does not allow it the luxury of taking an avant garde position on matters of religious belief, particularly involving an issue so central to the Jewish faith.

The German population appears split. A poll by YouGov for the DPA news agency found 45 per cent of Germans favour a legal ban on circumcision of boys, while 42 per cent opposed a ban and 13 per cent were undecided.

Now the discussion has moved on to how a secular majority should respond to practices it finds alien.

One side argues that it is the sign of a mature and enlightened society to view circumcision without consent as a practice at odds with German secular values. Some have gone so far as to describe it as a religious anachronism comparable to exorcism.

The other side argues that a society’s maturity can be measured by the defence of the rights and beliefs of minority (religious) beliefs and practices one does not necessarily share.

Legal observers say it is unlikely, although not impossible, that other regional courts will follow the Cologne ruling. Even if legislation comes in the autumn, the issue may well land before the constitutional court for a definitive ruling.

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The Poepol of the Week Award goes to Telford Vice, a freelance cricket writer in South Africa. He has the balls to call Graeme Smith the following: “Graeme Smith has been a figure easy to misunderstand. That should not hide the fact that he is among the toughest, most intelligent cricketers around – and a great batsman to boot”


Here is the article he wrote about Graeme Smith: http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/572863.html

Graeme Smith is by far the dumbest captain our national side has ever had. He has no concept of strategy. He has a terrible record as captain for obvious reasons. We lost many test series we should have easily won, and we drew many many more we should have won comprehensively, if only Smitty had half a functioning brain when it came to strategic thinking. Smith is a very good batsmen, but an intelligent captain, not at all. He is like Ringo Star. They used to say: “Ringo is not the best drummer in the world. In fact, he is not the best drummer in the Beatles.”

Graeme Smith has been a total failure as a captain for South Africa. In all formats of the game. Just look at his stats as captain. That says it all.

If you watched Graeme Smith snatch defeat from the jaws of victory on many many different and very important occassions like we all have over the years, then all we can do is shake our heads at dribble like this written about Graeme Smith in this article by Telford Vice.

Congratulations Telford Vice, you deserve the Poepol of the Week Award!

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Talk about the seriousness of the harm the raping of children does to societies. All the while it gets covered up by the church and by authorities. It is time this stops, and time they investigate it properly and bring those higher ups in the church to justice for protecting their child raping employees. One can only dream!

Church’s suicide victims

Date
April 13, 2012

Nick McKenzie, Richard Baker and Jane Lee

Victoria Police urge victims of sexual abuse to come forward, following a leaked police report alleging links between young suicide victims and the Catholic Church.

CONFIDENTIAL police reports have detailed the suicides of at least 40 people sexually abused by Catholic clergy in Victoria, and have urged a new inquiry into these and many other deaths suspected to be linked to abuse in the church.

In a damning assessment of the church’s handling of abuse issues, the reports say it appears the church has known about a shockingly high rate of suicides and premature deaths but has “chosen to remain silent.”

Written by Detective Sergeant Kevin Carson, the reports state that while conducting lengthy inquiries into paedophile clergy, investigators have discovered “an inordinate number of suicides which appear to be a consequence of sexual offending.

Rob Walsh, whose cousin Martin, and brothers Noel and Damien committed suicide after being abused.Rob Walsh, whose cousin Martin, and brothers Noel and Damien committed suicide after being abused. Photo: Paul Rovere

“The number of people contacting this office to report members of their family, people they know, people they went to school with, who have taken their lives is constant. It would appear that an investigation would uncover many more deaths as a consequence of clergy sexual abuse,” one of the reports states.

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The revelations will increase pressure on Premier Ted Baillieu and state Attorney-General Robert Clark to respond both to the growing calls from victims for a broad inquiry into clergy sexual abuse, and to the February recommendation of Justice Phillip Cummins for a formal inquiry.

The reports by Sergeant Carson were dated September last year and February this year. The most recent report  details the “premature deaths of young men in the years following sexual assault by Catholic fraternity”.

Martin Walsh.Martin Walsh.

The report links at least 40 suicides to the sexual abuse perpetrated by a small number of paedophile clergy, including Gerald Ridsdale, Bryan Coffey, Paul Ryan, Robert Best and Edward Dowlan.

One of the reports includes a list of victims’ names, dates of births, manner of death and the locations where the abuse is suspected or known to have taken place, including St Leo’s secondary school in Box Hill, St Joseph’s in Geelong and St Alipius in Ballarat East.

Among those named as suicide victims are brothers Damien and Noel Walsh, and their cousin Martin Walsh. Another brother, Rob Walsh, who was also sexually abused by Best and Ridsdale and testified against them in court, told The Age  last night that an inquiry was needed because of “the church’s disregard for the law and disregard for victims”.

Noel Walsh.Noel Walsh.

Most of the victims, who include a student who was dux of his school, were abused between the 1960s and late 1980s.

Sergeant Carson wrote that at the end of last year, “the sheer number of young men who were abused/suspected to be the victims or abuse, and who had met a premature death, continued to grow… The list does not take into account the deaths of other ex-students at the various schools the [paedophile] Christian Brothers taught at.

“The list does not take into account the many, many attempts of suicide made by victims of [clergy] sexual assault.

Damien Walsh.Damien Walsh.

“Needless to say, those many, many victims have met troubled lives — marriage break-ups, abuse of alcohol and drugs and endless contact with police.”

Sergeant Carson’s inquiries link the deaths of 34 people to  Ridsdale and Best, who are both serving lengthy sentences for sexually abusing young boys.

“While speaking to victims who had been abused by Ridsdale and Best, it was apparent the majority of suicides were committed subsequent to abuse having occurred at St Alipius, Ballarat East,” one report says.

Brother Robert Best.Brother Robert Best.

“A similar pattern appears to have followed the two [Ridsdale and Best] when they were appointed to other [school] placements — suicides of people attending primary school at Box Hill and Horsham.

“I point out that these facts have only come to investigators’ attention while investigating the sexual abuse in the aforementioned matter and would by no means be complete.

“It would appear that the organisation in charge of… Best and Ridsdale (Catholic Church) would be well and truly aware of the existence of these figures regarding these two clergy and would no doubt be aware of many other similar deaths, however have chosen to remain silent on the matter.”

Father Gerard Ridsdale.Father Gerald Ridsdale.

A spokesman for the Melbourne Catholic Archdiocese last night said: “The only information the Archdiocese of Melbourne has about such suicides is what has appeared in the media. We don’t have access to any information that links suicides with sexual abuse.”

The police reports argue for a wide-ranging coronial inquiry to examine the deaths. The church spokesman also said the coroner should be given “evidence of suicide by victims of abuse”.

But last night, victims and their relatives called on Mr Baillieu and Mr Clark to create an inquiry with royal commission powers to examine sexual abuse involving religious organisations.

Helen Watson, whose son Peter was 15 when he was sexually abused by a Catholic priest in Ararat,  said the abuse sent her son on a “path of self-destruction” that ended with him taking his  life at 24.

“The priest would take those young boys, give them alcohol and watch movies” before abusing them, Ms Watson said.

“I would do anything in my power [to force a full inquiry],” she said. “The church has gotten away with far too much for too long.”

Rob Walsh and his brothers and cousin attended the St Alipius church and boys’ school, where all were sexually abused.

Rob Walsh is the only one of them still alive. He was a 12-year-old altar boy when he was raped. It was not until many years later, after problems with alcohol and truancy, that he was able to tell anyone.

Noel Walsh, 19,  died in a single car crash which Mr Walsh only later determined — by talking to police, doctors and classmates — had been suicide.

Martin Walsh was about 22 when he shot himself, and Damien Walsh was 46 when he hanged himself in his garage.

Rob Walsh says he is now aware of about 12 other boys from the same school who were sexually abused.

“It was going on for about 10 years,” he said.

“You’re talking about maybe 20 to 30 per cent of the school. Even now, you don’t know the full extent [of what happened].”

Victim’s advocate and author Chrissie Foster, who has written a book about the abuse of two of her daughters — one of whom, Emma Foster, died at 25 of a medication overdose — said Mr Baillieu should stop stalling and show the courage to call an inquiry.

Barrister Vivian Waller, who is representing 45 men suing the Christian Brothers over the abuse committed by Best and Ridsdale, said an inquiry would discover “an epidemic of abuse”.

A small number of Catholic priests have also recently spoke of the need for an inquiry. In March, The Age revealed that a senior church adviser, Father Tony Kerin, had told Melbourne Archbishop Denis Hart that an independent review would clear the air and should be held.

For help or information visit beyondblue.org.au, call Suicide Helpline Victoria on  1300 651 251, or Lifeline on 131 114.

Read more: http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/churchs-suicide-victims-20120412-1wwox.html#ixzz20sWEaMWz

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So much for the rule of law. The religious has deemed it their right to mutilate children because of their bronze age god’s rituals and wishes. After a high court in Germany ruled that: “the right of a child to keep his physical integrity trumps the rights of parents” to observe their religion, potentially setting a legal precedent.”

Now, for the first time in a very very very very very long time, officials in Israel as well as Muslim countries are standing together to fight this ruling: “European Muslim and Jewish groups banded together this week to criticise the ruling and called on German MPs to pass legislation protecting the practice.”

Of course the politicians are bending over backwards and falling over themselves now to overturn this ruling and to put the rite on firm legal footing.

Once again, another example of how religion causes harm, because they believe it is their absolute right. No matter how much pain and suffering they cause. And the politicians sell out to them every time!

Germany pledges to protect circumcision

2012-07-13 21:02

Berlin – The German government on Friday pledged quick action to protect the right of Jews and Muslims to circumcise baby boys on religious grounds, after a court ruling that prompted international outcry.

Chancellor Angela Merkel’s spokesperson Steffen Seibert told reporters it was “concerned” about the judgement published by a Cologne regional court last month calling the religious rite of circumcision a criminal act.

“It is absolutely clear to the federal government that we want Jewish, we want Muslim religious life in Germany. Circumcisions carried out in a responsible way must not be subject to prosecution in this country,” he said.

“It is urgently necessary that we establish legal certainty.”

He said that aides from Merkel’s office would now discuss with the relevant government ministries ways to put the rite on firm legal footing.

“It is clear this cannot be put on the back burner. Freedom to practise religion is a cherished legal principle,” he said.

Options for protection

A spokesperson for the justice ministry said that there were three options for new draft laws to protect circumcisions on religious grounds that were under “intensive” review.
The Cologne ruling said circumcision of male infants on religious grounds was tantamount to grievous bodily harm, a criminal act subject to prosecution.

It concerned a case brought against a doctor who had circumcised a four-year-old Muslim boy in line with his parents’ wishes.

When, a few days after the operation, the boy suffered heavy bleeding, prosecutors charged the doctor.

The court later acquitted the doctor himself of causing harm but judged that “the right of a child to keep his physical integrity trumps the rights of parents” to observe their religion, potentially setting a legal precedent.

German diplomats admit that the ruling has proved “disastrous” to the country’s image abroad, particularly in light of its Nazi past, following uproar from officials in Israel as well as Muslim countries.

European Muslim and Jewish groups banded together this week to criticise the ruling and called on German MPs to pass legislation protecting the practice.

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The Atheist Pig


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http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2012/05/when-bad-science-kills-or-how-to-spread-aids/

 

A must read. Of course the South African government will not take any notice and just continue on their new circumcision crusade.

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In confirming what we already thought, the Higgs Boson discovery portends a close to a glorious chapter of particle physics.

CE0128H.jpgCERN

Experimental physicists around the world are celebrating the discovery of the Higgs boson, which was officially announced yesterday. While many of us are trying to figure out what the Higgs boson is, and whether calling it the God particle is stupid, one of the smartest guys in the world, Stephen Wolfram, is sad.

boy genius who got his CalTech PhD at 20, Wolfram dabbled in particle physics before creating theMathematica software package, and then WolframAlpha, a “computational engine” that debuted to considerable fanfare a few years ago.

In an elegiac blog post, Wolfram notes that the discovery of the Higgs brings a lifetime (his lifetime) of physics research to a close. It confirms the “Standard Model,” which is the putative organization of the subatomic universe that scientists have been working on for decades. That might sound like a good thing, but confirming what we already thought was the case actually is actually a lot less interesting than discovering something fundamentally new.

Here’s Wolfram (emphasis added):

It’s been 35 years, and when it comes to new particles and the like, there really hasn’t been a single surprise. (The discovery of neutrino masses is a partial counterexample, as are various discoveries in cosmology.) Experiments have certainly discovered things–the W and Z bosons, the validity of QCD, the top quark. But all of them were as expected from the Standard Model; there were no surprises.

At some level I’m actually a little disappointed. I’ve made no secret–even to Peter Higgs–that I’ve never especially liked the Higgs mechanism. It’s always seemed like a hack. And I’ve always hoped that in the end there’d be something more elegant and deep responsible for something as fundamental as the masses of particles. But it appears that nature is just picking what seems like a pedestrian solution to the problem: the Higgs mechanism in the Standard Model…

If the Standard Model is correct, yesterday’s announcement is likely to be the last major discovery that could be made in a particle accelerator in our generation. Now, of course, there could be surprises, but it’s not clear how much one should bet on them.

When I was reporting on the opening of the Large Hadron Collider a few years ago, I talked with a lot of scientists and came to the same conclusion that Wolfram did: Discovering the Higgs boson is a victory for physicists but a sad day for physics. In 2008, I (somewhat cheekily) called the discovery (or rather, confirmation) of the Higgs boson the “worst-case scenario” for the Standard Model.

Of course, we could find all sorts of other surprises lurking within the experiments at the LHC, and there is much that we do not know about physics generally. But this is a moment to recognize that the dominant field for the world’s biggest brains in the 20th century — particle physics — may not immediately unlock any more of the universe’s important secrets.
This article available online at:

http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/why-the-higgs-boson-discovery-is-disappointing-according-to-the-smartest-man-in-the-world/259468/

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Higgs and Significance by Victor Stenger

Posted: 07/05/2012 8:28 am

As the world knows, on July 4 it was announced that the Higgs boson, or a reasonable facsimile, has been seen by two independent experiments at CERN. The statistical significance reported was expressed as “5-sigma.” Let’s look at what this means.

When subatomic particles are smashed together at high energy, they create a complex mix of secondary particles. Before you can claim a new discovery in that mix, you have to show, among other things, that the effect upon which you base the claim is very unlikely to be simply a statistical artifact.

The effect reported from CERN is of a type that particle physicists have been exploring for over fifty years. Basically, they looked for evidence of a particle with such a short lifetime that it would not leave any measurable track in the detector. Instead, it decays into secondary particles after travelling only a few nuclear diameters.

When I was a graduate student at UCLA in the early 1960s, bubble chambers and other detectors at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley (now Lawrence Berkeley Lab), Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, and CERN in Geneva were finding signs of many such short-lived particles that had never before been seen or even anticipated. They were clearly not composed of the well-known particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons but seemed elementary in their own right.

We experimenters did then just as the Higgs-searchers are doing now, measured the energies and momenta of all the outgoing particles produced in high-energy particle collisions. Using these data, we formed a quantity called the “invariant mass” for each of the various particle combinations. Accumulating a large number of collision events, we then looked at the statistical distribution of the various invariant masses. When an unexpected “bump” appeared above what was the expected background, we had a candidate for a new particle.

Of course, everyone wanted to discover a new elementary particle and we all got excited whenever even the smallest bump appeared. At first, it seemed that a bump of three standard deviations, that is, “3-sigma,” above the background was sufficient for a discovery. At the time, most physicists were not experts in statistics (and still aren’t) and this struck us as reasonable. If the statistical fluctuations were given by a normal distribution (bell curve), then in only one in every 740 times you look at such a distribution will you get a 3-sigma bump or larger from a statistical fluctuation. That is, what is called the “p-value” was 1/740 = 0.00135.

We had a simple rule of thumb that drove statistics experts crazy, and still does. If the background under the bump, estimated by looking at either side, or calculated from some model, contained N events, then sigma was set equal to the square root of N-1.

Now, here my fifty-year old memory gets hazy, and I have not been able to dig up any documentation. (If anyone has any, I would greatly appreciate getting a copy). As I recall, at first the journals were publishing 3-sigma results. But many were not being independently replicated. So, again according to what I remember, the primary physics journal for rapid publication, Physical Review Letters, asked Art Rosenfeld at Berkeley to come up with a criterion for publication. He used frequentist probability arguments, which advocates of Bayesian statistics despise but have served us particle physicists well over time.

Art counted up all the experiments being done, all the plots being looked at, all the bins on the plots, all the combinations of particles for which invariant masses were being measured, and came up with a rule that has been at least informally in use since: the probability of the bump being a statistical fluctuation must be less than 1 in 10,000. For a normal distribution, only one in 31,574 times will you get an upward statistical fluctuation of 4-sigma or greater. The observed 5-sigma fluctuation for the Higgs, or a larger one, would result only once in 3.5 million trials.

However, this method of analysis is open to question. Several observers have pointed out a flaw, which is known in the literature as “sampling to a foregone conclusion.” That is, the experimenters keep collecting data until the reach the level, in this case 5-sigma, where they then can reject the null hypothesis. The proper method according to the experts is to decide ahead of time what criterion you will use and also how much data you will take before rejecting the null hypothesis. Since that is not generally done, it is technically illegitimate to interpret the result as a probability.

But it’s the method we have used in particle physics for half-century and, so far, it has not resulted in any major discovery claim being later proven to be in error. Furthermore, in my experience I saw many 3-sigma bumps go away as more data were accumulated. In any case, physicists no longer leave it just at that. They perform sophisticated Monte Carlo computer simulations of the experiment using their best available models and compare results with (signal plus background) and without (background only) the assumed signal. This was a major activity of mine when I was in research.

The assumption of a normal distribution of fluctuations may not be a good one. In today’s experiments, the events are cut in so many different ways that biases away from normal statistics can occur. The Monte Carlo analyses can avoid this by calculating the relative probabilities for the data fitting to signal plus background and background alone.

Of course, statistical significance is a major concern in all experimental sciences, and for a long time I have been critical of what I regard as unacceptably low publication standards used in some fields.

I still remember going to the World Skeptics Conference in Buffalo in the 1996, which featured many prominent speakers including Stephen Jay Gould and Chris Carter, the creator of X-Files. One speaker was Jessica Utts, a professor of statistics at UC Davis. She argued that the standard that was used for publication in medicine and psychology, p-value = 0.05, was adequate to show that ESP exists. She said that evidence for ESP was just as good as the evidence that aspirin helps avoid heart attacks.

I stood up and protested that this implied that one out of every twenty reports of some positive effect was a statistical fluctuation. Furthermore, since negative results are often not published, one can only wonder how many reports in these fields are trustworthy, if any.

Note the difference between an extraordinary claim (ESP) and an ordinary one (aspirin). In the case of aspirin, we can provide a simple explanation: aspirin thins the blood and makes arterial blockages less likely. We have no explanation for ESP within existing knowledge. Claims that it is supported by quantum mechanics are total nonsense.

And there’s more. Here again I must rely on memory, since to my knowledge no documentation exists. When in the 1980s I was working on very high-energy gamma ray astronomy on Mt Hopkins in Arizona, using the atmospheric Cherenkov technique, a collaborator reported to the rest of us that he thought he saw a signal from a certain pulsar. We all rushed to a meeting at his university and spent the better part of a week going over the data. His original estimate of the probability that the observation was a statistical fluctuation was one in a billion. After we counted all the various combinations he had looked at, the probability dropped to one in a thousand. This would have been more than adequate for a parapsychology or other pseudoscientific journal, but not a physics or astronomy one. We didn’t publish. No one else since has reported a gamma ray signal from that pulsar.

I have looked at the results just reported by the two experiments at CERN, Atlas and CMS. Both show 5-sigma signals for a range of secondary particles at a mass of 125-126 GeV. The standard model of elementary particles and forces predicted a 4.6-sigma effect at that mass, although the value of mass itself was not predicted. Not only is each individual result significant, rejecting the null hypothesis at a probability of one in over three million, the fact that two independent experiments agree surely makes the case for a previously unknown particle at 125 GeV proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Whether it is the long sought-after Higgs boson or a composite of known particles is yet to be definitively established.

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The God particle no longer a theory

  • BY:LEIGH DAYTON, SCIENCE WRITER 
  • From:The Australian 
  • July 05, 2012 12:00AM

Michio Kaku on the ‘God Particle’

Michio Kaku explains the so-called God Particle, as scientists believe they may have confirmed its existence.

Scientists crack code on God particle

Scientists will reveal their findings into the piece of sub-atomic matter called the God particle.

Scientists gather in Melbourne

Scientists Anna Kropivnitskaya, Konstantin Toms and Maria Toms in Melbourne at the high  energy physics conference. Picture: Stuart McEvoy Source: The Australian

HUMANITY’S understanding of the origin of the universe after the big bang has taken a historic leap forward with the discovery of a subatomic particle that scientists have been searching for and theorising about for almost 50 years.

In jubilant scenes in Geneva and Melbourne, physicists learned that scientists working at the $10 billion Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland had found what they believe to be the Higgs boson or “God particle”.

The European Organisation for Nuclear Research, or CERN, announced the “milestone in the understanding of nature”, saying it had found a new subatomic particle consistent with the Higgs boson.

“The next step will be to determine the precise nature of the particle and its significance for our understanding of the universe,” a CERN statement said.

Peter Higgs, 83, the shy and softly spoken British physicist who, along with two other groups, published the conceptual groundwork for the particle in 1964, expressed his joy yesterday. He said he was “astounded at the amazing speed with which these results have emerged”.

“They are a testament to the expertise of the researchers and elaborate technologies in place,” he said.

“I never expected this to happen in my lifetime and shall ask my family to put some champagne in the fridge.”

In Melbourne, at the High Energy Physics Conference, where, along with Geneva, the results were announced, young physicists Anna Kropivnitskaya, Konstantin Toms and Maria Toms laughed and said the new particle, or boson, was science, not science fiction.

“But it does improve our knowledge of the universe, the basis, the foundations,” Konstantin Toms said.

“It means the Standard Model of particle physics is true and complete and we have discovered the last missing piece.”

The discovery, by two separate teams, is hailed as virtual confirmation that the Standard Model of physics is correct, as the Higgs is a cornerstone of the model that describes the interactions of all known subatomic particles and forces.

The Standard Model is a highly successful theory but has had several gaps, the biggest of which is why some particles have mass but some, such as the photon, do not.

According to the Standard Model, the Higgs boson is the manifestation of the so-called Higgs field, an invisible energy field filling all space.

The Higgs gives mass to other subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, quarks and leptons.

University of Melbourne particle physicist Geoff Taylor said it did this in a manner similar to the way water slowed down swimmers. “Subatomic particles feel the effect of the field like bodies moving through water. They gain mass, inertia,” he said. The more a particle “feels” the field, the heaver it becomes.

The boson is believed to exist in a treacly, invisible, ubiquitous field created by the big bang 13.7 billion years ago. The discovery was made by two separate teams, analysing data from the Large Hadron Collider, a giant underground lab where protons were smashed together at nearly the speed of light, yielding subatomic debris that was scrutinised for signs of the fleeting Higgs.

Professor Taylor, who heads the Australian team participating in one of the two experiments – the A Toroidal LHC Apparatus or ATLAS – described the results as “fantastic” and confessed he’d put the champagne on ice in anticipation of the announcements.

Like the second experiment – the Compact Muon Solenoid detector – ATLAS was designed to search for the Higgs, using the Large Hadron Collider built by CERN between 1998 and 2008.

Two CERN labs, working independently of each other to avoid bias, found the new particle in the mass region of about 125-126 gigaelectronvolts, according to data they presented yesterday.

Both said the results were “five sigma”, meaning there was just a 0.00006 per cent chance that what the two laboratories found was a mathematical quirk.

“The results are preliminary but the five sigma signal at around 125 GeV we’re seeing is dramatic,” said Joe Incandela, spokesman for one of the two experiments.

In the 48 years since Emeritus Professor Higgs and five other scientists predicted the existence of the boson, wild claims have been made for the “God particle”.

Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku has said the discovery could begin to explain eternal questions sometimes called the mind of God: “To me, when we finally dicsover the ‘God particle’, this is just the beginning. This can open the floodgates for a whole new branch of theoretical physics.

“There are eternal questions that cannot be answered in the framework of conventional physics. Is time travel possible, are there gateways to other universes . . . are there parallel universes?”

Additional reporting: agencies

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